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It can be minimized by screening out peripheral light rays and looking only at the better-focused centre. In the eye, the pupil serves this purpose by constricting while the eye is focused on nearby objects.

Small apertures also give an increase in depth of field , allowing a broader range of "in focus" vision. In this way the pupil has a dual purpose for near vision: to reduce spherical aberration and increase depth of field. Changing the curvature of the lens is carried out by the ciliary muscles surrounding the lens; this process is known as "accommodation".

Accommodation narrows the inner diameter of the ciliary body, which actually relaxes the fibers of the suspensory ligament attached to the periphery of the lens, and also allows the lens to relax into a more convex, or globular, shape. A more convex lens refracts light more strongly and focuses divergent light rays from near objects onto the retina, allowing closer objects to be brought into better focus. The human eye contains enough complexity to warrant specialized attention and care beyond the duties of a general practitioner.

These specialists, or eye care professionals , serve different functions in different countries. Eye care professionals can have overlap in their patient care privileges. For example, both an ophthalmologist M. However, typically only ophthalmologists are licensed to perform surgical procedures. Ophthalmologists may also specialize within a surgical area, such as cornea , cataracts , laser , retina , or oculoplastics. Eye irritation has been defined as "the magnitude of any stinging, scratching, burning, or other irritating sensation from the eye".

Related eye symptoms and signs of irritation are discomfort, dryness, excess tearing, itchiness, grating, foreign body sensation, ocular fatigue, pain, soreness, redness, swollen eyelids, and tiredness, etc. These eye symptoms are reported with intensities from mild to severe. It has been suggested that these eye symptoms are related to different causal mechanisms, and symptoms are related to the particular ocular anatomy involved. Several suspected causal factors in our environment have been studied so far.

Some of these are lighting glare and poor contrast , gaze position, reduced blink rate, limited number of breaks from visual tasking, and a constant combination of accommodation, musculoskeletal burden, and impairment of the visual nervous system. Certain volatile organic compounds that are both chemically reactive and airway irritants may cause eye irritation.

Personal factors e. There are two major measures of eye irritation. One is blink frequency which can be observed by human behavior. The other measures are break up time, tear flow, hyperemia redness, swelling , tear fluid cytology, and epithelial damage vital stains etc. Blink frequency is defined as the number of blinks per minute and it is associated with eye irritation.

Dehydration, mental activities, work conditions, room temperature, relative humidity, and illumination all influence blink frequency.

Break-up time BUT is another major measure of eye irritation and tear film stability. BUT is considered to reflect the stability of the tear film as well. In normal persons, the break-up time exceeds the interval between blinks, and, therefore, the tear film is maintained.

This phenomenon indicates that perceived eye irritation is associated with an increase in blink frequency since the cornea and conjunctiva both have sensitive nerve endings that belong to the first trigeminal branch. There are other factors that are related to eye irritation as well.

Three major factors that influence the most are indoor air pollution, contact lenses and gender differences. Field studies have found that the prevalence of objective eye signs is often significantly altered among office workers in comparisons with random samples of the general population.

There are more and more people wearing contact lens now and dry eyes appear to be the most common complaint among contact lens wearers. In addition, women have a higher blink frequency while reading. One is the use of eye make-up. Another reason could be that the women in the reported studies have done more VDU work than the men, including lower grade work. A third often-quoted explanation is related to the age-dependent decrease of tear secretion, particularly among women after 40 years of age.

In a study conducted by UCLA , the frequency of reported symptoms in industrial buildings was investigated. Modern office work with use of office equipment has raised concerns about possible adverse health effects. Emission of various particulate and volatile substances has been suggested as specific causes. These symptoms have been related to sick building syndrome SBS , which involves symptoms such as irritation to the eyes, skin, and upper airways, headache and fatigue. Many of the symptoms described in SBS and multiple chemical sensitivity MCS resemble the symptoms known to be elicited by airborne irritant chemicals.

Two different exposure profiles, a daily average and short term 15 minute average, were used in the analysis. Exposure-response relations were evaluated by linking incidence rates for each symptom with categories of exposure. Acute incidence rates for nasal, eye, and throat irritation , and coughing and breathlessness were found to be associated with increased exposure levels of both exposure indices.

Steeper exposure-response slopes were seen when short term exposure concentrations were used. Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis suggest that current smokers tended to be less sensitive to the exposure to airborne sodium borate dust. In addition, other measures are proper lid hygiene, avoidance of eye rubbing, [72] and proper use of personal products and medication. Eye make-up should be used with care. There are many diseases , disorders, and age-related changes that may affect the eyes and surrounding structures.

As the eye ages, certain changes occur that can be attributed solely to the aging process. Most of these anatomic and physiologic processes follow a gradual decline. With aging, the quality of vision worsens due to reasons independent of diseases of the aging eye.

While there are many changes of significance in the non-diseased eye, the most functionally important changes seem to be a reduction in pupil size and the loss of accommodation or focusing capability presbyopia.

The area of the pupil governs the amount of light that can reach the retina. The extent to which the pupil dilates decreases with age, leading to a substantial decrease in light received at the retina. In comparison to younger people, it is as though older persons are constantly wearing medium-density sunglasses. Therefore, for any detailed visually guided tasks on which performance varies with illumination, older persons require extra lighting.

Certain ocular diseases can come from sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes and genital warts. If contact between the eye and area of infection occurs, the STD can be transmitted to the eye. With aging, a prominent white ring develops in the periphery of the cornea called arcus senilis.

Aging causes laxity, downward shift of eyelid tissues and atrophy of the orbital fat. These changes contribute to the etiology of several eyelid disorders such as ectropion , entropion , dermatochalasis , and ptosis.

The vitreous gel undergoes liquefaction posterior vitreous detachment or PVD and its opacities — visible as floaters — gradually increase in number. Eye care professionals , including ophthalmologists and optometrists , are involved in the treatment and management of ocular and vision disorders. A Snellen chart is one type of eye chart used to measure visual acuity.

At the conclusion of a complete eye examination , the eye doctor might provide the patient with an eyeglass prescription for corrective lenses. Some disorders of the eyes for which corrective lenses are prescribed include myopia near-sightedness , hyperopia far-sightedness , astigmatism , and presbyopia the loss of focusing range during aging.

Macular degeneration is especially prevalent in the U. Lutein and zeaxanthin bind to the electron free radical and are reduced rendering the electron safe. There are many ways to ensure a diet rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, the best of which is to eat dark green vegetables including kale, spinach, broccoli and turnip greens. Nutrition is an important aspect of the ability to achieve and maintain proper eye health. Lutein and zeaxanthin are two major carotenoids, found in the macula of the eye, that are being researched to identify their role in the pathogenesis of eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mammalian eye. For eyes in general, see Eye. For other uses, see Eye disambiguation. This article uses anatomical terminology. The human eye of the right side of the face, showing a white sclera with some blood vessels, a green iris , and the black pupil.

Schlemm's canal 6. Main article: Extraocular muscles. Image showing orbita with eye and nerves visible periocular fat removed. Main article: Eye movement. Main article: Rapid eye movement sleep. Main article: Saccade. Main article: Fixation visual. Main article: Vestibulo-ocular reflex. Main article: Pursuit movement. Main article: Optokinetic response. Main article: Vergence. Main article: Macular degeneration.

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Bibcode : ASSL.. Evidence-based Physical Diagnosis. Journal of the Optical Society of America. Bibcode : JOSA Vision Research. Eye Movement Research. Springer, Cham. Bibcode : PLoSO New York: McGraw-Hill. Indoor Air.

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Holly Ed. The preocular tear film — In health, disease, and contact lens wear. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. Mov Disord. The light-sensitive nerve layer that lines the inside of the back of the eye. The retina senses light and creates impulses that are sent through the optic nerve to the brain. The white visible portion of the eyeball. The muscles that move the eyeball are attached to the sclera. Suspensory ligament of lens. A series of fibers that connects the ciliary body of the eye with the lens, holding it in place.

Upper eyelid. Skin that covers the upper part of the eyeball, including the cornea, when closed. Health Conditions and Diseases. Aqueous humor. The clear watery fluid in the front of the eyeball. Blood vessels. Tubes arteries and veins that carry blood to and from the eye. Ciliary body. The part of the eye that produces aqueous humor. The clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. The central portion of the retina that allows us to see fine details.

Posterior chamber. The back part of the eye's interior.